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The Fraticelli ("Little Brethren") or Spiritual Franciscans were extreme proponents of the rule of Saint Francis of Assisi, especially with regard to poverty, and regarded the wealth of the Church as scandalous, and that of individual churchmen as invalidating their status. They were thus forced into open revolt against the whole authority of the Church and were declared heretical in 1296 by Boniface VIII. The name Fraticelli is used for various heretical sects,〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Fraticelli )〕 which appeared in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, principally in Italy, that separated from the Franciscan Order on account of the disputes concerning poverty. The Apostolics (also known as Pseudo-Apostles or Apostolic Brethren) are excluded from the category, because admission to the Order of St. Francis was expressly denied to their founder, Gerard Segarelli. They had no connection to the Franciscans, in fact desiring to exterminate them. It is therefore necessary to differentiate the various groups of Fraticelli, although the one term may be applied to all. Umberto Eco's novel ''The Name of the Rose'' is set against the persecution of Fraticelli. ==Word origin== Considered philologically, Fraticelli is a diminutive derived from the Italian ''frate'' (plural ''frati''), itself derived from Latin ''Frater'' 'brother', in Italian often shortened to ''Fra'' when referring to members of religious Orders. Frati was a designation of the members of the mendicant orders founded during the thirteenth century, principally the Franciscans. The Latin ''Fraterculus'' does not occur in the old records which concern the Fraticelli. Etymologically the name Friars Minor (''Fratres Minores'') is equivalent to the diminutive ''Fraticellus''. The ideal of the founder of the Friars Minor, Saint Francis of Assisi, was that his disciples, by evangelical poverty, complete self-denial, and humility, should lead the world back to Christ. The Italian people designated as Fraticelli all the members of religious orders (particularly mendicants), and especially hermits, whether these observed monastic precepts or regulated their own lives. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Fraticelli」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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